28 Mei 2012

Pengertian Sumber Daya Manusia

Artikel pengertian Sumber Daya Manusia


Kali ini saya posting beberapa pendapat para ahli ekonomi terkait dengan pengertian sumber daya manusia. Sumber daya manusia dalam sebuah organisasi perlu dikelola secara profesional agar terwujud keseimbangan antara kebutuhan pegawai dengan tuntutan dan kemampuan organisasi perusahaan. Keseimbangan tersebut merupakan kunci utama perusahaan agar dapat berkembang secara produktif dan wajar. (Mangkunegara 2004 : 1).

Manajemen sumber daya manusia sangat penting bagi perusahaan dalam mengelola, mengatur dan memanfaatkan pegawai sehingga dapat berfungsi secara produktif untuk tercapainya tujuan perusahaan. Beberapa definisi manajemen sumber daya manusia atau manajemen personalia menurut beberapa ahli :
Menurut Mangkunegara (2004:2) pengertian sumber daya manusia :
Manajemen sumber daya manusia merupakan suatu perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengkoordinasian, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan terhadap pengadaan, pengembangan, pemberian balas jasa, pengintegrasian, pemeliharaan dan pemisahan tenaga kerja dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organisasi.

Kemudian menurut T. Hani Handoko (2000:4) :
Manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah penarikan, seleksi, pengembangan, pemeliharaan dan penggunaan sumber daya manusia untuk mencapai baik tujuan-tujuan individu maupun tujuan organisasi.

Kemudian menurut Malayu S.P Hasibuan (2001:10) :
Manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah ilmu dan seni mengatur hubungan dan peranan tenaga kerja agar efektif dan efisien membantu terwujudnya tujuan perusahaan, karyawan dan masyarakat.

Selanjutnya Edwin B. Flippo (Personel Manajemen, 1980:5) mengatakan:
" Personnel manajemen is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance, and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and societal objectives are accomplished" .

(Manajemen personalia adalah perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan, dan pengendalian dari pengadaan, pengembangan, kompensasi, pengintegrasian, pemeliharaan dan pemberhentian karyawan, dengan maksud terwujudnya tujuan perusahaan, individu, karyawan, dan masyarakat.)

Definisi/pengertian efektivitas kerja

Definisi/pengertian efektivitas kerja



Definisi/pengertian efektivitas kerja menurut beberapa ahli :
Dalam kamus Inggris-Indonesia karangan Echols dan Shadily (1977 : 207), Efektivitas berasal dari kata “Effective”, yang artinya “Berhasil” atau “Ditaati”. Sedangkan menurut Emerson (dalam Handayaningrat, 1996 : 16), berpendapat bahwa efektivitas (effectiveness) adalah : “is masuring in term of attaining prescibed goals or objectives”. Efektivitas adalah pengukuran dalam arti tercapainya sasaran atau tujuan yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.
Selanjutnya Dunn, terjemahan Tim Universitas Gajah Mada, dalam konteks evaluasi analisis kebijakan (2000:640), memberikan kriteria tentang hasil-hasil pelaksanaan kebijakan, yaitu :
  • Efektivitas, sejauh mana hasil yang diinginkan dapat dicapai
  • Efisiensi, seberapa jauh pencapaian hasil yang diinginkan memecahkan masalah
  • Kecukupan, seberapa jauh pencapaian hasil yang diinginkan memecahkan masalah
  • Perataan, apakah biaya dan manfaat didistribusikan dengan merata kepada kelompok-kelompok yang berbeda.
  • Responsivitas, apakah hasil kebijakan memuasakan kebutuhan preferensi atau nilai kelompok tertentu
  • Ketepatan, apakah hasil (Tujuan) yang diinginkan, benar-benar berguna atau bernilai. 

Dalam organisasi modern di mana berbagai pekerjaan kompleks dan beragam, kriteria penilaian efektivitas cukup beragam pula. Steers (1985 : 44-48) mengetengahkan model-model efektivitas organisasi, yang olehnya diistilahkan dengan : kriteria berdimensi satu, yang meliputi ukuran : prestasi, produktivitas, laba, dan seterusnya. Yang dimaksud oleh Steers di sini adalah kriteria penilaian efektivitas organisasi yang muncul dari gejala-gejala dalam lingkup organisasi
Kemudian efektivitas organisasi yang bervariasi ganda, dalam kriteria yang berbeda serempak, yang meliputi 19 (sembilan belas) kriteria yaitu : Efektivitas keseluruhan, kualitas, produktivitas, ke siagaan, efisien, laba atau penghasilan, pertumbuhan, pemanfaatan lingkungan, stabilitas, perputaran atau keluar masuknya pekerja, ke mangkiran, kecelakaan, semangat kerja, motivasi, kepuasan, penerimaan tujuan organisasi, kepaduan konflik-konflik kompak, keluwesan adaptasi, dan penilaian oleh pihak luar.

Dari kesembilan belas kriteria tersebut, ada beberapa hal yang perlu mendapat penjelasan : 1). Efektivitas keseluruhan, adalah sejauh mana organisasi melaksanakan seluruh tugas pokoknya atau mencapai semua sasarannya. Dalam konteks ini organisasi di nilai secara umum; 2) produktivitas, kuantitas, atau volume dari produk atau jasa pokok yang dihasilkan organisasi. Dapat di ukur melalui tiga tingkatan : tingkat individual, kelompok dan keseluruhan organisasi. Ini bukan ukuran dari efisiensi, tidak ada perhitungan nisbah biaya dan keluaran. 3) Efisiensi, nisbah yang mencerminkan perbandingan beberapa aspek prestasi unit terhadap biaya untuk menghasilkan prestasi. Contoh, berapa rupiah dikeluarkan untuk tiap unit produksi, jumlah waktu turun mesin, tingkat penyelesaian rencana, standar karya atau lain-lain patokan dipenuhi. Kadang-kadang hanya menggunakan total jumlah biaya (uang, bahan-bahan dan sebaginya) yang telah dikeluarkan oleh satu unit selama periode tertentu.

Dari gambaran tersebut di atas, dapat disimpulkan tentang pengertian efektivitas organisasi ataupun efektivitas kerja, yaitu : pertama, hasil-hasil yang dicapai oleh suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan dalam periode tertentu. Sebagai perbandingan hasil ini, dapat berupa rencana, kebijaksanaan dan sarana-sarana yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Kedua, kriteria penilaian efektivitas kerja atau efektivitas organisasi, tidak saja menyangkut gejala-gejala dalam lingkup organisasi itu sendiri (hasil dalam lingkup internal organisasi) atau hasil-hasil yang materil tapi berlaku untuk semua sasaran baik itu di luar organisasi atau yang non-materiil.

Pengertian/definisi Manajemen Strategi

Pengertian/definisi Manajemen Strategi


Pengertian/definisi Manajemen Strategi - Manajemen strategis merupakan proses atau rangkaian kegiatan pengambilan keputusan yang bersifat mendasar dan menyeluruh, disertai penetapan cara melaksanakannya, yang dibuat oleh pimpinan dan diimplementasikan oleh seluruh jajaran di dalam suatu organisasi, untuk mencapai tujuan. Menurut Pearch dan Robinson (1997) dikatakan bahwa manajemen stratejik adalah kumpulan dan tindakan yang menghasilkan perumusan (formulasi) dan pelaksanaan (implementasi) rencana-rencana yang dirancang untuk mencapai sasaran-sasaran organisasi. Sedangkan pengertian manajemen strategis menurut Nawawi adalah perencanaan berskala besar (disebut perencanaan strategi) yang berorientasi pada jangkauan masa depan yang jauh (disebut visi), dan ditetapkan sebagai keputusan pimpinan tertinggi (keputusan yang bersifat mendasar dan prinsipil), agar memungkinkan organisasi berinteraksi secara efektif (disebut misi), dalam usaha menghasilkan sesuatu (perencanaan operaional untuk menghasilkan barang dan/atau jasa serta pelayanan) yang berkualitas, dengan diarahkan pada optimalisasi pencapaian tujuan (disebut tujuan strategis) dan berbagai sasaran (tujuan operasional) organsasi.
Dari pengertian manajemen strategi di atas yang cukup luas tersebut menunjukkan bahwa manajemen stratejik merupakan suatu sistem yang sebagai satu kesatuan memiliki berbagai komponen yang saling berhubungan dan saling mempengaruhi, dan bergerak secara serentak (bersama-sama) kearah yang sama pula. Komponen pertama adalah perencanaan strategi dengan unsur-unsurnya yang terdiri dari visi, misi, tujuan dan strategi utama organisasi. Sedangkan komponen kedua adalah perencanaan operasional dengan unsure-unsurnya sasaran dan tujuan operasional, pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi manajemen berupa fungsi pengorganisasian, fungsi pelaksanaan dan fungsi penganggaran, kebijaksanaan situsional, jaringan kerja internal dan eksternal, fungsi kontrol dan evaluasi serta umpan balik. Disamping itu pengertian manajemen strategik yang telah sebutkan terakhir dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan yaitu :
  1. Manajemen strategi diwujudkan dalam bentuk perencanaan berskala besar dalam arti mencakup seluruh komponen dilingkungan sebuah organisasi yang dituangkan dalam bentuk rencana strategis (Renstra) yang dijabarkan menjadi perencanaan operasional, yang kemudian dijabarkan pula dalam bentuk program kerja dan proyek tahunan.
  2. Renstra berorientasi pada jangkauan masa depan.
  3. Visi, misi, pemilihan strategi yang menghasilkan strategi induk, dan tujuan strategi organisasi untuk jangka panjang merupakan acuan dalam merumuskan rencana strategi, namun dalam teknik penempatannya sebagai keputusan manajemen puncak secara tertulis semua acuan tersebut terdapat didalamnya.
  4. Renstra dijabarkan menjadi rencana operasional yang antara lain berisi program-program operasional termasuk proyek-proyek, dengan sasaran jangka sedang masing-masing juga sebagai keputusan manajemen puncak.
  5. Penetapan renstra dan rencana operasi harus melibatkan manajemen puncak karena sifatnya sangat mendasar/prinsipil dalam pelaksanaan seluruh misi organisasi, untuk mewujudkan, mempertahankan dan mengembangkan eksistensi jangka sedang termasuk panjangnya.
  6. Pengimplementasian strategi dalam program-program termasuk proyek-proyek untuk mencapai sasarannya masing-masing dilakukan melalui fungsi-fungsi manajemen lainnya yang mencakup pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, penganggaran dan kontrol.
Demikian artikel mengenai pengertian atau definisi manajemen strategi mudah-mudahan bermanfaat.

Hierarki Manajemen strategi

Hierarki Manajemen strategi


Hierarki Manajemen strategi - Hierarki pengambilan keputusan dalam suatu perusahaan biasanya terdiri dari tiga jenjang. Pada puncak hirarki yang terletak tingkat korporasi (perusahaan) yaitu suatu urusan yang merupakan sebuah kumpulan bisnis yang secara relatif independen, yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai Strategic Unit Bisnis. Pada bagian tengah hirarki, pengambilan keputusan terletak tingkat bisnis atau strategi kompetitif. Para manajer yang terdapat di dalamnya biasanya disebut manajer bisnis dan korporasi. Mereka menerjemahkan rumusan arah dan keinginan yang dihasilkan pada tingkat korporasi ke dalam sasaran dan strategi yang kongkret untuk masing-masing divisi usaha. Pada bagian bawah hierarki pengambilan keputusan strategi, terletak tingkat fungsional. Strategi fungsional berkaitan dengan interpretasi peran dari fungsi atau departemen dalam menerapkan strategi kompetitif. Dalam hal ini, strategi fungsional diarahkan oleh strategi kompetitif atau bisnis.


STRATEGI KORPORASI
Strategi korporasi dirumuskan oleh manajemen puncak dan dirancang sedemikian rupa guna mencapai tujuan organisasi. Memformulasikan strategi korporasi di dalam perusahaan besar akan sangat sulit sekali sebab banyak sekali strategi tingkat bisnis yang sangat berbeda dan memerlukan koordinasi guna mencapai tujuan organisasi secara keseluruhan. Demikian model strategi yang dipakai adalah portofolio bisnis, sbb:

1. Strategi Portofolio
Strategi portofolio adalah tipe strategi tingkat perusahaan yang berhubungan dengan bauran antara unit-unit bisnis (UBS=SBU) dan lini-lini produk yang sesuai satu sama lain dalam cara-cara yang masuk akal sehingga memberikan keunggulan kompetitif bagi perusahaan. UBS (Unit Bisnis Strategi) merupakan suatu divisi organisasi yang memiliki misi bisnis, lini produk, pesaing dan pasar berbeda terhadap UBS lain dalam organisasi yang sama.

2. Matriks BCG
Matriks BCG (Boston Consulting Group) mengorganisir bisnis-bisnis dalam dua dimensi yaitu pertumbuhan bisnis dan pangsa pasar (market share).

Tingkat pertumbuhan bisnis (Business Growth Rate) berkaitan dengan seberapa cepat industri mengalami peningkatan.

Pangsa pasar (market share) mendefinisikan apakah sebuah unit bisnis memiliki pangsa yang lebih kecil atau lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pesaingnya.

STRATEGI BISNIS 
Merumuskan strategi bisnis melibatkan pengambilan keputusan pada tingkat unit bisnis. Di dalam strategi tingkat ini yamh ditujukan adalah bagaimana cara bersaingnya. Pendekatan yang berguna di dalam merumuskan strategi bisnis sebainya didasarkan atas analisis persaingan yang dicetuskan oleh Michael Porter:

Lima Kekuatan Kompetitif Porter 
Pendekatan Porter didasarkan atas analisis 5 kekuatan persaingan. Tekanan persaingan mencakup:
  1. Ancaman Pendatang Baru, perusahaan yang memasuki industri yang membawa kapasitas baru dan ingin memperoleh pangsa pasar yang baik dan laba, akan tetapi semua itu sangat tergantung kepada rintangan atau kendala yang mengitarinya.
  2. Daya Tawar Menawar Pemasok, pemasok dapat juga menjadi ancaman dalam suatu industri sebab pemasok dapat menaikkan harga produk yang dijual atau mengurangi kualitas produk. Jika harga produk pemasok naik maka harga pokok perusahaan juga naik sehingga akan menaikkan harga jual produk. Jika harga jual produk naik maka sesuai dengan hukum permintaan, permintaan produk akan menurun. Begitu pula jika pemasok menurunkan kualitas produk, maka kualitas produk penghasil juga akan turun, sehingga akan mengurangi kepuasan konsumen.
  3. Daya Tawar Menawar Pembeli, pembeli akan selalu berusaha mendapat produk dengan kualitas baik dan dengan harga yang murah. Sikap pembeli semacam ini berlaku universal dan memainkan peran yang cukup menentukan bagi perusahaan. Jika suatu produk dinilai harganya jauh lebih tinggi dari kualitas (harganya tidak mencerminkan yang sepantasnya) maka pembeli (konsumen) tidak akan membeli produk perusahaan.
  4. Daya Tawar Produk Pengganti, produk pengganti secara fungsional mempunyai manfaat yang serupa dengan produk utama (asli), namun memiliki kualitas produk dan harga yang lebih rendah. Umumnya, produk pengganti disenangi oleh orang yang berpenghasilan rendah akan tetapi ingin tampil dengan status lebih tinggi dari keadaan sebenarnya.
  5. Persaingan Antar Pesaing, persaingan konvensional selalu berusaha sekeras mungkin untuk merebut pangsa pasar perusahaan lain. Konsumen merupakan objek persaingan dari perusahaan yang sejenis yang bermain di pasar. Siapa yang dapat memikat hati konsumen maka perusahaan akan dapat memenangkan persaingan. Untuk dapat memikat konsumen maka berbagai cara dilakukan mulai dari memberikan fasilitas khusus, pemberian kredit dengan syarat ringan, harga murah atau diskon.

Strategi Kompetitif Porter
  1. Diferensiasi (Differentiation), adalah salah satu tipe strategi kompetitif di mana organisasi berupaya membuat produk atau jasa yang ditawarkannya berbeda dengan pesaing. Organisasi dapat menggunakan periklanan, fitur produk yang berbeda, pelayanan atau teknologi baru untuk meraih persepsi produk yang dianggap unik.
  2. Kepemimpinan Biaya (Cost Leadership), merupakan salah satu tipe strategi kompetitif di mana organisasi secara agresif berupaya menjadi lebih efisien (melakukan reduksi biaya) dari pesaing-pesaingnya dengan memotong biaya produksi dan pengawasan biaya yang sangat ketat.
  3. Fokus (Focus), adalah salah satu tipe strategi kompetitif yang menekankan pada kondentrasi terhadap suatu segmen pasar atau kelompok pembeli tertentu.

Pengertian / definisi analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, dan Threats)

Pengertian analisis SWOT


Pengertian / definisi analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, dan Threats). Analisa SWOT adalah suatu metoda penyusunan strategi perusahaan atau organisasi yang bersifat satu unit bisnis tunggal. Ruang lingkup bisnis tunggal tersebut dapat berupa domestik maupun multinasional. SWOT itu sendiri merupakan singkatan dari Strength (S), Weakness (W), Opportunities (O), dan Threats (T) yang artinya kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman atau kendala, dimana yang secara sistematis dapat membantu dalam mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor luar (O dan T) dan faktor didalam perusahaan (S dan W). Kata-kata tersebut dipakai dalam usaha penyusunan suatu rencana matang untuk mencapai tujuan baik untuk jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang.
Berikut saya lampirkan pengertiannya menurut salah satu pakar SWOT Indonesia, yaitu Fredy Rangkuti. Kurang lebih seperti ini :

“Analisa SWOT adalah identifikasi berbagai faktor secara sistematis untuk merumuskan strategi perusahaan. Analisa ini didasarkan pada hubungan atau interaksi antara unsur-unsur internal, yaitu kekuatan dan kelemahan, terhadap unsur-unsur eksternal yaitu peluang dan ancaman”.

Petunjuk umum yang sering diberikan untuk perumusan adalah :
  1. Memanfaatkan kesempatan dan kekuatan (O dan S). Analisis ini diharapkan membuahkan rencana jangka panjang.
  2. Atasi atau kurangi ancaman dan kelemahan (T dan W). Analisa ini lebih condong menghasilkan rencana jangka pendek, yaitu rencana perbaikan (short-term improvement plan).
Tahap awal proses penetapan strategi adalah menaksir kekuatan, kelemahan, kesempatan, dan ancaman yang dimiliki organisasi. Analisa SWOT memungkinkan organisasi memformulasikan dan mengimplementasikan strategi utama sebagai tahap lanjut pelaksanaan dan tujuan organisasi, dalam analisa SWOT informasi dikumpulkan dan dianalisa. Hasil analisa dapat menyebabkan dilakukan perubahan pada misi, tujuan, kebijaksanaan, atau strategi yang sedang berjalan. 
Dalam penyusunan suatu rencana yang baik, perlu diketahui daya dan dana yang dimiliki pada saat akan memulai usaha, mengetahui segala unsur kekuatan yang dimiliki, maupun segala kelemahan yang ada. Data yang terkumpul mengenai faktor-faktor internal tersebut merupakan potensi di dalam melaksanakan usaha yang direncanakan. Dilain pihak perlu diperhatikan faktor-faktor eksternal yang akan dihadapi yaitu peluang-peluang atau kesempatan yang ada atau yang diperhatikan akan timbul dan ancaman atau hambatan yang diperkirakan akan muncul dan mempengaruhi usaha yang dilakaukan.
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa analisis SWOT adalah perkembangan hubungan atau interaksi antar unsur-unsur internal, yaitu kekuatan dan kelemahan terhadap unsur-unsur eksternal yaitu peluang dan ancaman. Didalam penelitian analisis SWOT kita ingin memproleh hasil berupa kesimpulan-kesimpulan berdasarkan ke-4 faktor dimuka yang sebelumnya telah dianalisa :

>> Strategi Kekuatan-Kesempatan (S dan O atau Maxi-maxi)

Strategi yang dihasilkan pada kombinasi ini adalah memanfaatkan kekuatan atas peluang yang telah diidentifikasi. Misalnya bila kekuatan perusahaan adalah pada keunggulan teknologinya, maka keunggulan ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengisi segmen pasar yang membutuhkan tingkat teknologi dan kualitas yang lebih maju, yang keberadaanya dan kebutuhannya telah diidentifikasi pada analisis kesempatan.

>> Strategi Kelemahan-Kesempatan (W dan O atau Mini-maxi)

Kesempatan yang dapat diidentifikasi tidak mungkin dimanfaatkan karena kelemahan perusahaan. Misalnya jaringan distribusi ke pasar tersebut tidak dipunyai oleh perusahaan. Salah satu strategi yang dapat ditempuh adalah bekerjasama dengan perusahaan yang mempunyai kemampuan menggarap pasar tersebut. Pilihan strategi lain adalah mengatasi kelemahan agar dapat memanfaatkan kesempatan.

>> Strategi Kekuatan-Ancaman (S atau T atau Maxi-min)

Dalam analisa ancaman ditemukan kebutuhan untuk mengatasinya. Strategi ini mencoba mencari kekuatan yang dimiliki perusahaan yang dapat mengurangi atau menangkal ancaman tersebut. Misalnya ancaman perang harga.

>> Strategi Kelemahan-Ancaman (W dan T atau Mini-mini)

Dalam situasi menghadapi ancaman dan sekaligus kelemahan intern, strategi yang umumnya dilakukan adalah “keluar” dari situasi yang terjepit tersebut. Keputusan yang diambil adalah “mencairkan” sumber daya yang terikat pada situasi yang mengancam tersebut, dan mengalihkannya pada usaha lain yang lebih cerah. Siasat lainnya adalah mengadakan kerjasama dengan satu perusahaan yang lebih kuat, dengan harapan ancaman di suatu saat akan hilang. Dengan mengetahui situasi yang akan dihadapi, anak perusahaan dapat mengambil langkah-langkah yang perlu dan bertindak dengan mengambil kebijakan-kebijakan yang terarah dan mantap, dengan kata lain perusahaan dapat menerapkan strategi yang tepat.

Dikutif dari id.wikipedia.org
Analisis SWOT adalah metode perencanaan strategis yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kekuatan (strengths), kelemahan (weaknesses), peluang (opportunities), dan ancaman (threats) dalam suatu proyek atau suatu spekulasi bisnis. Keempat faktor itulah yang membentuk akronim SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, dan threats). Proses ini melibatkan penentuan tujuan yang spesifik dari spekulasi bisnis atau proyek dan mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang mendukung dan yang tidak dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut. Analisa SWOT dapat diterapkan dengan cara menganalisis dan memilah berbagai hal yang mempengaruhi keempat faktornya, kemudian menerapkannya dalam gambar matrik SWOT, dimana aplikasinya adalah bagaimana kekuatan (strengths) mampu mengambil keuntungan (advantage) dari peluang (opportunities) yang ada, bagaimana cara mengatasi kelemahan (weaknesses) yang mencegah keuntungan (advantage) dari peluang (opportunities)yang ada, selanjutnya bagaimana kekuatan (strengths) mampu menghadapi ancaman (threats) yang ada, dan terakhir adalah bagimana cara mengatasi kelemahan (weaknesses) yang mampu membuat ancaman (threats) menjadi nyata atau menciptakan sebuah ancaman baru.
Demikian artikel tentang pengertian analisis SWOT yang penulis susun dari berbagai sumber sebagai bahan kajian kita bersama, mudah-mudahan artikel analisis SWOT ini bisa bermanfaat bagi pembaca!!

Lisa Ann Pornstar Biography

Lisa Ann 
(born May 9, 1972) is an American pornographic actress, also the most famous and successful and considered "The Queen of Porn". 

Career
Lisa Ann was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. She began erotic dancing in 1990 to pay her way through school to become a certified dental assistant.
In July 1993, she became an adult actress, but quit in 1997 due to an AIDS scare. She spent several years touring as a feature dancer at strip clubs around the country, before returning to the sex industry as an agent, and later also as a performer. Her talent agency, Clear Talent Management, was formed in November 2006, and was later renamed Lisa Ann's Talent Management. Her first comeback movie was released on February 2, 2006.
In 2007, Lisa Ann's Talent Management merged with Seymore Butts' Lighthouse Agency.
Lisa Ann as Serra Paylin at the AVN Expo, Las Vegas, Nevada on January 8, 2010
On October 2, 2008, Lisa Ann was confirmed to star in Who's Nailin' Paylin? parodying 2008 Republican Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin. The movie, produced by Larry Flynt's Hustler Video, portrays Lisa Ann in sex scenes with other female porn stars parodying well-known female political figures, such as Hillary Clinton (played by veteran porn star Nina Hartley) and Condoleezza Rice (played by Jada Fire). This movie was released on election day November 4, 2008.
On October 31, 2008 Hustler announced that Lisa Ann was going to star in Obama is Nailin' Paylin a scene that continued on the adventures of Lisa as Sarah Paylin except this time Barack Obama would be lampooned as well. The scene is only available through their Hustler members website and on the Blu-ray release of the movie. It is not available on the DVD release. This "bonus scene" was released on election eve November 3, 2008. It was announced in March 2009 that Hustler plans to produce a sequel to Who's Nailin' Paylin? with Lisa Ann reprising her role as "Serra Paylin". The movie was released on August 26, 2009 and titled "Letterman is Nailin Palin."
She reprised her role as "Serra Paylin" in a cameo appearance in Eminem's music video "We Made You" where she was cast at the director Joseph Kahn's suggestion. After some encouragement from porn actor friend C.J. Wright, Lisa Ann made her directorial debut with the interracial movie, Hung XXX, released on September 2009 by Justin Slayer International.
In December 2009, it was announced that Lisa Ann had signed on to be the spokeswoman for RealTouch, a mechanised artificial vagina produced by AEBN.
In March 2010, Lisa Ann appeared in a Public Service Announcement for the Free Speech Coalition on the topic of internet piracy of adult content, directed by Michael Whiteacre. The spot, entitled the "FSC All-Star Anti-Piracy PSA," found Lisa Ann in the company of adult performers such as Julie Meadows, Kimberly Kane, Ron Jeremy, and Wicked Pictures contract stars Alektra Blue and Kaylani Lei.
Along with Nikki Benz and Sean Michaels, Lisa Ann was chosen to host the XRCO Awards in April 2010. She stated "XRCO was the first event I ever attended in the industry, to now be hosting, momentous!".






In 2011, CNBC included her on a list it called "The Dirty Dozen", comprising the 12 most popular pornography stars. CNBC reported that the star had first been popular in the 1990s, but had retired as a pornographic actress in 1997 to become an agent. Lisa Ann's on-screen career was revived in 2008 by her parody portrayals of Palin.

Alexis Texas Pornstar Biography









Alexis Texas (born May 25, 1985) is an American pornographic model and adult film actress. She began her career in pornography in 2006 at the age of 21.

Biography

Alexis Texas was born in the Panama military base but was raised in the Castroville area of Texas. Texas is of German, Puerto Rican and Norwegian descent. Her first scene was with Jack Venice in Shane's World's College Amateur Tour In Texas, filmed in October 2006, followed by a couple of scenes for Bang Bros in Florida. She then moved to Los Angeles and began shooting scenes for the LA Direct modeling agency in March 2007. Released in February 2008, Discovering Alexis Texas was directed by the adult actress Belladonna. In 2009 she formed her own business, Alexis Texas Entertainment, which is a subsidiary of Starlet Entertainment Group. Through SEG, she launched her official membership-based website. She featured on the cover of Genesis magazine in April 2009, and Hustler magazine's 35th anniversary edition in June 2009. In 2010, she was named by Maxim as one of the 12 top female stars in porn. In 2011, she made her crossover debut to mainstream movies starring in the comedy horror film Bloodlust Zombies.
Texas is married to Mr. Pete.

26 Mei 2012

Kayden Kross Pornstar Biography

 (born September 15, 1985) is an American pornographic actress and lobbyist for the adult entertainment industry.

Biography

Kross was born and raised in Sacramento, California. She has described herself in high school as "the book nerd". She began stripping at the age of eighteen at Rick's Showgirls in Rancho Cordova, California, to earn extra money to purchase a pony. She was later contacted by an agent and started modeling in adult magazines.
Kross was a senior at California State University, Sacramento, when she signed an exclusive performing contract with Vivid Video in November 2006. Her movies with Vivid included Kayden's First Time, Hard Time, and Be Here Now. Unhappy with the company, she became a free agent one year later when she did not renew her contract. After one month of being a free agent, she signed an exclusive contract with Adam & Eve.
Kross has appeared in several episodes of The Block, a reality snowboarding show that aired on G4TV, in which the Vivid Girls went to The Block hotel for a photo shoot. She also appeared on the Gene Simmons' reality show, Family Jewels. She was named Penthouse Pet of the Month for September 2008.
Kross' official web site, ClubKayden.com, launched on September 2, 2008. Alongside a blog she hosts at UnKrossed.com, Kross writes regular updates and opinion columns for MikeSouth.com, an adult industry gossip blog, among other sites.
In October 2008, Kross was charged with grand theft and violations of the California Civil Code involving contracts for purchases of home equity, allegedly conning a disabled veteran and his family. In July 2009, the grand-theft charge was dismissed and the real-estate-fraud charge was reduced to a misdemeanor; Kross pleaded no contest to the resulting charges and was sentenced to one day in custody and three years of probation. She blamed her involvement in the situation on her naivete and being scammed by the broker and mortgage lender.
Kross starred in the 2010 AVN Best Feature The 8th Day and portrayed the role of Elin Nordegren in Adam and Eve Pictures film Tyler's Wood.
Kross became exclusive to Digital Playground under a multi-year contract on January 1, 2010. Her first movie with the company, The Smiths, topped sales charts immediately and continues to be a best seller. She was given the lead in their big budget feature, Body Heat, in her third month in contract. She won two Best Actress Awards for the role.
Kross hosted the 2010 AVN Awards show, along with porn actress Kirsten Price and comedian Dave Attell. She was Penthouse magazine's cover girl for September 2008 and 2010. She was won in multiple titles in 2010, including Pichunter Babe of the Month for September and TLA Raw Best Body Overall 2010.
Kross writes columns regularly for publications such as Complex magazine, Xbiz magazine, and a blog for xcritic.com.
In 2011, she was named by CNBC as one of the 12 most popular stars in porn.CNBC noted her consecutive AVN nominations for Performer of the Year.
Kross played a recurring role as Delilah in season two of Cinemax's Life on Top.
Kross has been featured regularly on G4 Television as a host, a reality TV guest star, and as a guest on Attack of the Show.
Kross made an appearance on FX's comedy series The League in Season 3, Episode 1. She played the role of a porn actress filming a pornographic film in the Andre's apartment.
In 2011 she was cast as Tara in Gregory Hatanaka's drama "The Obsession", slated for theatrical release in May 2012. In September 2011 she picked up the lead role in the film "As Wonderland Goes By", playing Zoe McGraw alongside Dave Legeno and Dolph Lundgren.
In 2012, she is scheduled to host the Xbiz awards for the second time. She will appear in the ceremony alongside Wicked contract star Jessica Drake and at the AVN red carpet with cohosts Jesse Jane and guitarist Dave Navarro.
In February 2012, she and Harvard professor Wendy Murphy appeared on Stossel with host John Stossel to discuss legislation in California which would require condom use during pornographic film production.

Kagney Lin Karte Pornstar Biography

Kagney Linn Karter (born March 28, 1987) is an American pornographic actress. She was born in Harris County, Texas and raised in Saint Joseph, Missouri and Ridgway, Pennsylvania

Biography

Karter began erotic dancing while in Missouri and was named the state's Déjà Vu Showgirl of the Year in 2007. She later moved to California to pursue an acting and singing career. Karter fell out with her manager when he discovered she had been working as an exotic dancer. While continuing to dance in California, she eventually moved into modeling, and after signing with the agency LA Direct Models, posed for shoots with erotic photographer Holly Randall.
Karter entered the adult film industry in 2008, starting with an Internet boy-girl scene for the production company Naughty America. In regard to her stage name, Karter stated that Kagney is her real first name (her father named her after James Cagney) and Linn is her real middle name. She chose Karter as her surname because it "just fit perfectly." She was chosen as the Penthouse Pet of the Month for June 2009, and appeared on the covers of Hustler in April 2009 and Adult Video News in June 2009.
She also was featured on the cover of Holly Randall's photo book Erotic Dream Girls, published in October 2009. In January 2010, she signed an exclusive performing contract with the production company Zero Tolerance Entertainment.



Jayden Jaymes Pornstar Biography

Jayden Jaymes (born Michele Lee Mayo; February 13, 1986) is an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer, and model. She has appeared in approximately 209 movies since starting her adult film career in November 2006. She was featured in an episode of MTV's True Life about pornography. She has also made appearances in mainstream films, featuring in small roles

Personal life

Jaymes freely operates her blog, a branch of her own website, in which she shares intimate details about her life, personal and professional. Her biography states that Jaymes has been "unstoppable in skyrocketing her name to the top through promotion of her personal website and her highly controversial blog, in which she openly writes about the ups and downs of the adult business, regardless of the negative feedback she received from those she exposes."
Jaymes has shared intimate details about The Erotic Network 'over-working' and 'underpaying' hired talent, Vivid Entertainment asking models to shoot extra content without pay and, in turn, having the most respected agent in the industry, Derek Hay, owner of LA Direct Models, an enemy to Jaymes, come forward and back her up in both situations.
Jaymes has also revealed details about coming events and projects, including a six-year contract that she recently signed with Topco Sales to release an exclusive line of Jayden Jaymes toys, beginning January 2011.
Jaymes has seemed to keep quiet about her love life, but has hinted at romantic relations and/or relationships with several notable names. Jaymes writes a little about her rumored relationship with UFC fighter Chuck Liddell after photos surfaced of the two in Cabo San Lucas for New Years.Jaymes attempts to clear the air by saying the two were there as 'friends' and amongst other friends and that the entire situation was taken out of context. In the same entry, Jaymes also shoots down alleged rumors of a 'hook up' with NFL quarterback Donovan McNabb after the two met in Vegas, and even received an apology from a site sharing the story. And Jaymes closes out this particular entry with a "we're just friends" comment about TapouT clothing brand co-owner SkySkrape.
However, most recently, Jaymes has made a couple of references to Travis McCoy, stating she became uncomfortable when his single "Billionaire" was played at a Las Vegas club while she was there with friends and made a reference to a recent post referring to him as 'inconsiderate' and 'rude' for not wanting Jaymes to accompany him to an after party for the show she had just attended because McCoy was afraid of what people might say. McCoy 'hopes to remain friends' and Jaymes 'doesn't hate him'




Aletta Ocean Biography

Aletta Ocean (born December 14, 1987) is a Hungarian pornographic actress. Ocean began modeling in 2006 after winning a beauty contest. She started pornography in 2007, taking the plunge timidly at first, pushed into it by her boyfriend at the time. Six months later, she had decided to make a job of it. She quit her studies as the news of her professional activity on the side had become known. At the end of 2009 she underwent surgery to receive breast implants, which boosted her chest size to 39 inches. This procedure cost her 4,000 euros. In 2009 she also spent five months shooting in the USA. She received a nomination in the 11th Hot d'Or, the French pornographic awards, in the category of Best European Starlet.
She has modeled for the likes of Penthouse and Hungarian Playboy. She won the 2010 AVN Awards for Female Foreign Performer of the Year and Best Sex Scene in a Foreign-Shot Production (Dollz House). Ocean has appeared in nearly 180 pornographic films.





Sunny Leone Pornstar Biography



Sunny Leone (born May 13, 1981) is an Indo-Canadian pornographic actress, actress, businesswoman and model of dual Canadian/American nationality. She was named Penthouse Pet of the Year in 2003 and was a contract star for Vivid Entertainment. Named by Maxim as one of the 12 top porn stars in 2010, she has also played roles in independent mainstream films and television shows.

Early life

Leone was born in Sarnia, Ontario to Sikh Punjabi parents from India. Her father was born in Tibet and raised in Delhi, while her mother (who died in 2008) was from a small town named Nahan in Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. As a young girl, she was very athletic and played street hockey with the boys, enjoyed ice skating on a nearby frozen lake and drinking hot chocolate in front of a fire after playing in the snow all day.
Though she was raised as a Sikh,her parents enrolled her in a Catholic school, as it was felt to be unsafe for her to go to public school. There she had her first kiss at 11, lost her virginity to a basketball player at another school at 16, and discovered that she was bisexual at 18. When she was 13, her family moved to Fort Gratiot, Michigan, then to Lake Forest, California a year later, fulfilling her grandparents' dream that the family be together in one place. She graduated from high school in 1999 and enrolled in college.


Personal life

In June 2006, Leone became an American citizen, but plans to remain a dual citizen of Canada.Although bisexual, she has stated that she prefers men. In her spare time she enjoys abstract paintings, horse riding, reading, playing World of Warcraft, watching The Simpsons and the Discovery Channel. She used to play on a women's soccer league team in California. Her favourite holiday destination is Hawaii, and her favourite cuisine is Italian.
In separate interviews, she has stated that in ten years' time she would like to be married and have started a family, and probably retire from the industry by the time she is 30. Leone was engaged to Matt Erikson, a vice-president of marketing at Playboy Enterprises. She currently resides in Hollywood, California with her cat and drives an Audi A5.
She mentioned in an interview at the start of 2011 that she was married to Daniel Weber. During her stay in the Bigg Boss house later that same year, Leone indicated that the relationship had by revealing that she had been previously married; she had ‘purposely arrived late’ to their first date as she was not impressed with him, but he changed her mind by sending 24 roses to her hotel room.
In 2010, Leone's father died of cancer, which he had been first diagnosed with in 1999. In 2011, Leone along with Monique Alexander and Keni Styles ran in the Rock n’ Roll Los Angeles Half-Marathon to raise money for the American Cancer Society.
A 2008 Eye Weekly article reported that "Leone does her best to maintain a link to Sikh traditions, even if more in theory than in practice. But she's unlikely to disavow her career path due to religion." and that Leone said "Girls will leave the industry claiming that they found God. Well, the fact is, God has always been with them the entire time." In a 2010 interview, she said "It’s a community-based religion. You walk into a temple and you’re greeted with the utmost respect... But, just like any religion it doesn’t want you to shoot adult material. I mean, I grew up going to temple every Sunday. When my parents found out they knew my personality which was very independent. Even if they tried to stop me or tried to steer me the right way they would have lost their daughter. I’m too headstrong. And it wasn’t a plan. It just happened and my career and everything just kept getting bigger and bigger."

Jenna Jameson Carrier

Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli; April 9, 1974) is an American entrepreneur and former pornographic actress, who has been called the world's most famous adult-entertainment performer and "The Queen of Porn." She started acting in erotic videos in 1993 after having worked as a stripper and glamour model. By 1996, she had won the "top newcomer" award from each of the three major adult movie organizations. She has since won more than 20 adult video awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization (XRCO) and Adult Video News (AVN) Halls of Fame.
Jameson founded the adult-entertainment company ClubJenna in 2000 with Jay Grdina, whom she later married and divorced. Initially a single website, this business expanded into managing similar websites of other stars and began producing sexually explicit videos in 2001. The first such movie, Briana Loves Jenna (with Briana Banks), was named at the 2003 AVN Awards as the best-selling and best-renting pornographic title for 2002. By 2005, ClubJenna had revenues of US$30 million with profits estimated at half that. Advertisements for her site and films, often bearing her picture, have towered on a 48-foot-tall billboard in New York City's Times Square. Playboy TV hosts her Jenna's American Sex Star reality show where aspiring porn stars compete for a Club Jenna contract.
Jameson has also crossed over into mainstream pop culture, starting with a minor role in Howard Stern's 1997 film Private Parts. Her mainstream appearances continued with: regular appearances on The Howard Stern Show; guest-hosting stints on E! television's Wild On! and Talk Soup programs; a guest-starring voice-over role in a 2001 episode of the Fox animated television sitcom Family Guy; an award-winning voice-over role in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City; and, a guest-starring role in two episodes of the 2003 NBC television series Mister Sterling. Her 2004 autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale, spent six weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list. She has also created a horror comic book with Virgin Comics entitled Jenna Jameson's Shadow Hunter, released in February 2008. She played the female lead character in the 2008 horror-comedy Zombie Strippers. Jameson is considering a singing/acting career on Broadway in the Tony-nominated musical Rock of Ages.

Early life

Jenna Marie Massoli was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. Her father, Lawrence Massoli, is an Italian American police officer at the Las Vegas Sheriff's Department and program director for KSNV-DT. Her mother, Judith Brooke Hunt, was a Las Vegas showgirl who danced in the Folies Bergère show at the Tropicana Resort & Casino. Her mother died of melanoma on February 20, 1976, two months prior to her daughter's second birthday. The cancer treatments bankrupted the family and they relocated in Nevada, Arizona, and Montana, usually living in a trailer home or living with her paternal grandmother. She has an older brother, Tony. She was a frequent entrant in beauty pageants as a child, and enrolled in ballet classes throughout her childhood. In a featurette on the Zombie Strippers DVD, Jameson indicates she trained in dance for fifteen years.
Jameson writes in her autobiography that in October 1990, when she was 16 years old and while the family was living on a cattle ranch in Fromberg, Montana, she was beaten with rocks and gang raped by four boys after a football game at Fromberg High School. The incident began after she attempted to hitchhike home, and that she entered the car of the four boys while believing that she would be driven to her home. She reported being raped a second time while still 16, by "Preacher," her boyfriend Jack's biker uncle. Preacher has denied the rape ever occurred. Rather than tell her father, she left home and moved in with Jack in her first serious relationship.
Jack was a tattoo artist, and gave her the first of a series of tattoos, one of which would become her trademark tattoo, two hearts on her right buttock. According to E!, her brother Tony, who later owned a tattoo parlor himself added the inscription "Heart Breaker."

Early career

Early photo of Jameson
She tried to follow in her mother's career as a Las Vegas showgirl, but most shows rejected her for not having the then-typical height of 5 feet 8 inches (173 cm). She was hired at Disneyland Resort,[1] but left after two months stating concerns over the schedule and salary schedule.
Her boyfriend Jack encouraged her to apply for jobs as a dancer, and in 1991, though underage, she began dancing in Las Vegas strip clubs using a fake identification. After she was rejected from the Crazy Horse Too strip club because of her orthodontia, she removed her braces with pliers and was accepted. After six months, she was earning US$2,000 per night, before graduating from Bonanza High School.
Her first stage name as a dancer was "Jennasis", which she later used as the name of a business that she incorporated ("Jennasis Killing Co."). She chose the name "Jenna Jameson" to use as a model after scrolling through the phone book for a last name that matched her first name, before finally deciding on Jameson after the whiskey, which she is known to drink.
Besides dancing, starting later in 1991, she posed for nude photographs for photographer Suze Randall in Los Angeles, with the intention of getting into Penthouse. After her photos had appeared in several men's magazines under various names, she then stopped working for Randall, feeling Randall was "a shark" who had been taking advantage of her.



While in high school, she began taking drugs—cocaine, LSD, and methamphetamine—accompanied by her brother (who was addicted to heroin[1]) and at times her father. Her addiction worsened during her four years with her boyfriend. She eventually stopped eating properly and became too thin to model; Jack left her in 1994. She weighed 76 pounds (less than 35 kilograms) when a friend put her in a wheelchair and sent her to her father, who was then living in Redding, California, in order to detox; her father did not recognize her when she got off the plane.





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